Node如何实现前后端数据传输加密与解密

Node如何实现数据传输加密解密？下面本篇文章给大家介绍一下Node.js实现前后端数据传输加密解密的方法，希望对大家有所帮助！

在前后端通信过程中，一些敏感信息，特别是用户的账号密码，需要加密进行传输，如何选择加密方式也是一门学问，这里倒也不过多偏题了。 通常来说B/S架构中用的比较多的传输数据加密是RSA加密，核心思想就是公钥加密，私钥解密。 公钥，可以理解为可以公开的钥匙，服务器将公钥发给客户端，客户端用公钥对数据进行加密传输，服务器收到客户端传来的密文，再用自己的配对的私钥进行解密，即可获得原始的数据。

大致流程如下图所示：

示例

1、生成公私钥对

Nodejs中有一个核心模块——crypto提供各种加密、解密相关API。以下示例是基于Node@12.15.0版本进行编写。

1. const crypto = require('crypto');
2.  
3. /**
4.  * 生成RSA公私钥对
5.  * @return {*} publicKey: 公钥;privateKey: 私钥
6.  */
7. function genRSAKeyPaire() {
8.   const { publicKey, privateKey } = crypto.generateKeyPairSync('rsa', {
9.     modulusLength: 4096,
10.     publicKeyEncoding: {
11.       type: 'pkcs1',
12.       format: 'pem',
13.     },
14.     privateKeyEncoding: {
15.       type: 'pkcs1',
16.       format: 'pem',
17.     },
18.   });
19.   return { publicKey, privateKey };
20. }
21.  
22. // 打印生成的公私钥对
23. console.log(genRSAKeyPaire());

输出示例如下：（示例公私钥已被删除了一部分，请勿用于实验）

1. {
2.   publicKey: '-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----\n' +
3.     'MIICCgKCAgEAsitohTu9Jf2h+NPV4tNfFhPrlbStzXNM8wSEcskwtpwi6aZfgQC7\n' +
4.     '/A7M1hN8Zk8WgiZjy05AHinWPvXo70OWj8TminIAjB2wh0nDqm+IQqN7r20uzeJm\n' +
5.     'GBf1KusGemChEiFwiad1h/OB9z9LC8zMYR/G+XAbFfcv8MxAMI9mgmS8t5+xeYm6\n' +
6.     'EMiCQkQjfqpErhW3oESj8hrdJdOZbiK3l0TgYLyjZRQu6pHzFkmd9We3BY1qcXo1\n' +
7.     '2BtNKvqoH9QDJItsb3S9v2mOGl1rbItKlDrqYCdGY4iyXVIfagNWHraVzHqH/ter\n' +
8.     'X+hOmLOwu+Npkz+oEDmnUq1UGY181PBGiNwHVodXx+DF5ckj/bGIxFG2nSiNe3dO\n' +
9.     'WLxV3+W8Af0006Oe+fRo1D7xt5SK5AipCpylKKYdyuP3MJ5dpPu7GMIcwj20Ndnu\n' +
10.     'cDJJ2HH9kZAKz6/r62S7ALluFSecuZr0Dqc6SrJs43zBTpS/hSI33r01ste6Zel8\n' +
11.     'uRZKW/4FhUg8gW1KCM+Mp1MaZufOurCDc1Iec0SI71Tteg52BTpfb8cQ9Z1h0xWR\n' +
12.     'FdbmLMLuJkIi5oG2+FLAqlGknik0AxXpnlivSOW5Q+eLOh0DjQxxU2sCAwEAAQ==\n' +
13.     '-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----\n',
14.   privateKey: '-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\n' +
15.     'MIIJKQIBAAKCAgEAsitohTu9Jf2h+NPV4tNfFhPrlbStzXNM8wSEcskwtpwi6aZf\n' +
16.     'gQC7/A7M1hN8Zk8WgiZjy05AHinWPvXo70OWj8TminIAjB2wh0nDqm+IQqN7r20u\n' +
17.     'zeJmGBf1KusGemChEiFwiad1h/OB9z9LC8zMYR/G+XAbFfcv8MxAMI9mgmS8t5+x\n' +
18.     'eYm6EMiCQkQjfqpErhW3oESj8hrdJdOZbiK3l0TgYLyjZRQu6pHzFkmd9We3BY1q\n' +
19.     'cXo12BtNKvqoH9QDJItsb3S9v2mOGl1rbItKlDrqYCdGY4iyXVIfagNWHraVzHqH\n' +
20.     '/terX+hOmLOwu+Npkz+oEDmnUq1UGY181PBGiNwHVodXx+DF5ckj/bGIxFG2nSiN\n' +
21.     'e3dOWLxV3+W8Af0006Oe+fRo1D7xt5SK5AipCpylKKYdyuP3MJ5dpPu7GMIcwj20\n' +
22.     'NdnucDJJ2HH9kZAKz6/r62S7ALluFSecuZr0Dqc6SrJs43zBTpS/hSI33r01ste6\n' +
23.     'Zel8uRZKW/4FhUg8gW1KCM+Mp1MaZufOurCDc1Iec0SI71Tteg52BTpfb8cQ9Z1h\n' +
24.     '0xWRd+u6S+oP8/hl5bdtSZhT1ZTK8Q/BF99+qOT0q4KGGu9aM8kOuMk2BI3qIN7k\n' +
25.     '0zAQFdbmLMLuJkIi5oG2+FLAqlGknik0AxXpnlivSOW5Q+eLOh0DjQxxU2sCAwEA\n' +
26.     'AQKCAgA9hxAJMqAXRodwznbGZggoL6jjggmjMXYZVi4HFcNkzHaiCXphqkdAvDuw\n' +
27.     'kfobuqQjPe6oftVVlU0PYQyX09divrR+iu/1cytLDQYtDWcY3CwSYLoRD2YCXAOm\n' +
28.     'VpNeH5CAGlwqrVHBKS5wm8LmyEqsH7Uu3q/73ekIVwCzxFG6Jd+l6df4CL/gm92f\n' +
29.     '1LgNPe+JzqYjCpEzQmOsdG4/wm10J6z0uzAR7+5jwxMXV0TdQnvJxxRDK9j8UDFN\n' +
30.     '7lGw7B5JuHwx4TbFq0YPhMNcMJ4Iom/d1LJSHRq7b2i5y30qDhOdEZN1RjVAYZEC\n' +
31.     '2srll5sV5p27PK2zt3ebe2jogDFa7crOyKV7zkNZRNfrC1wVAcxq5+WaAinXtJRb\n' +
32.     '/CbtW5uboXC/kwRU0l5BAXg6MNoeMZCg4wMp8cXnVYxrodon31QVcC1HsV5Rx3Dm\n' +
33.     'R9+giZcWoxDm314oy3mxmbMKQ/it6Pf2kMGLbmEYXFFdTSr/ZWY5+ZaaO6GgM59o\n' +
34.     'anh0FHt0xBEyE11Pivck6jMyl7eCp+yeOPhJxsaFLLH8SJnjWluAkrGwqzXeRB/i\n' +
35.     'u5mGr+2zK4844kQDg7zUAdaFFYEixGwpu21XOEv+5ODSwecpVFSrwIp3LXFkfAir\n' +
36.     'vBGUeSWdFI98Ehdi8eOC+11hif9AxtNMmNqnl/eK0D44WAkZAQKCAQEA6WBZ9agb\n' +
37.     'VMhckT09WlGQfyiWHh9pnpEr+NPu2fRgkAh5AcrWG8PeD3QAIXFz1CMgKsGxa6Mz\n' +
38.     'SkM04ZMYGYC5Zv3KPWxwcPCVskycozo0eDkFrT7pC7N2ZZNFcDRmTAiX1CkAx1RY\n' +
39.     'iihws2Vl5gahGlUSwjgpssfjFL68iPGz1i2F7yossP+8tZO88SUPuDbahhX/QEkV\n' +
40.     '1P5uL43Rf4aGjcBWv5x3BAPpYOsn//AUPEeT0jNe2IQ81c92SYa8M0fBdXkXmhfN\n' +
41.     'FUXLvMUD3XSEMgFXvS1zIoP8F1sG8HZA0p5LNugYZuyIeUPOUCkoHKl/TzMQyl07\n' +
42.     '7Yi7a2ONYrSOEQKCAQEAw3EAgvp1wdegHEnACDoA5ls1afuqx5ewt8nJCwXfHOWC\n' +
43.     'B33MwEIOc6/Phf+EMQkjl/+r2mv3jk2I3WqGkaAQs8H68GnjSZ0VKebRSmXhpiqm\n' +
44.     'Jsl99LVIKO8GJ2Igjccn5buZRWes4fxr4/TvM2lLNJhrmeQahpEMbCYLwRSO+BTZ\n' +
45.     'p4CGja5GXtSUDKagnvXhGyFzI5OF5XYyHLjdMN5i4v/HVhlMLVmwReAqY/fZ1iFc\n' +
46.     'jyRUbSMOBo6fE5HI8NO481c4m1e96Cj1BgwWE+mNcNXfPj3CDlrxJY848+PYpT8J\n' +
47.     '8EPfc2+hPhufFfBgXWpZbPrHIG97UsqhWr3aq/u9uwKCAQEArPJJWGJe9sKQztU6\n' +
48.     'PU+KrKEwNlyDEg51Lq4oKH8QfEy7GBfv+Z16V6tYWXBRLRlmwijOSX0lClipvK0c\n' +
49.     'Q/H/85IKKODOpvOzi/F4dwIwVhOz4EJpw9EX4Yh1AgTi9l+73G8Sc6VPA/uaIWf4\n' +
50.     'TrIE+5WmFCY4yJOW9g2vfDDaW9NamPWBLx4mA83bTD1x28tSv+FXSpWexzxR/Y20\n' +
51.     'fjP8TNoHr3HNRT182uUJvIJ3DIDiy/hjxkKhLrXS7AQcPkhj1qGJWxleUvBpXpgG\n' +
52.     'GDw7py8VjU08MIzs6YX8q4CG406JYMQ5KTUKogscvozxe+QkQ1YNkFntikc01Q1u\n' +
53.     'foJdcQKCAQAfJUb7mIZjmcU+PNKJfRTfoPFmLmEM5bOX1mRfiVQA+uI552ZVzTEY\n' +
54.     'ZpAfvpSGa/psIqZ0bHhLCTgicPN5CZUf0G35GibKeGoC/3Gi9ZF8NZe83qdf8/PH\n' +
55.     '8i983zpo3bASAE9wrBD1ApD/Bu2Ht+PwQcoEAEHp5/ue0IFXB7uw9UGqW+UVdwxn\n' +
56.     '2GCvk25NZsm01SPQK5ZO9wMNaLh3LTl9C13s7qMhJwXcXNjkjX79jNt/RD7gFZIK\n' +
57.     'oXfgWn83QcZboS64Msdk1AIYMJzkF3ge3zZwaM8gEoYTgjuFQm4oB1/CFk7pyoRb\n' +
58.     'rXMwv9nbiTMvFtfc52czzm7gUxkiB0A5AoIBAQCffC5rDhDGPiwJOft0PYNK/Ctk\n' +
59.     '3QZa2+t1ni0HYQhPok5OSgAOZwkZItGDGXdrvXe4+q/ttLLu6KhVaVRVoe+VzMpl\n' +
60.     'WKp0RMBt999JS2XAipbguTQXrfsev0RNam0AFREUZdPNvrwLprQAwTl0iC2t4H6b\n' +
61.     'RybgQU6RpORFDvpwmkBjJ9Q2p540LmN0NVHq6Axv+g4TI2XdXlw8T7VQbJGKvfuJ\n' +
62.     'g7j4+f7J+KpN5rHudiEPIVOK8V7Ap8dxP+lwEhZjK1MvCJE+SXWTkrRcY/TX\n' +
63.     '-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\n'
64. }

2、公钥加密

在有了公私钥对的基础上，使用公钥进行加密，示例代码如下：

1. const crypto = require('crypto');
2.  
3. /**
4.  * 生成公私钥对
5.  * @return {*} publicKey: 公钥;privateKey: 私钥
6.  */
7. function genRSAKeyPaire() {
8.   const { publicKey, privateKey } = crypto.generateKeyPairSync('rsa', {
9.     modulusLength: 4096,
10.     publicKeyEncoding: {
11.       type: 'pkcs1',
12.       format: 'pem',
13.     },
14.     privateKeyEncoding: {
15.       type: 'pkcs1',
16.       format: 'pem',
17.     },
18.   });
19.  
20.   return { publicKey, privateKey };
21. }
22.  
23. const { publicKey } = genRSAKeyPaire();
24.  
25. /**
26.    * 使用公钥进行加密
27.    * @param {String} data 
28.    * @param {String} publicKey 
29.    * @return {String} 加密后的密文
30.    */
31. function publicKeyEncrypt(data, publicKey) {
32.   return crypto.publicEncrypt(publicKey, Buffer.from(data)).toString('base64')
33. }
34.  
35. const entry = {
36.   name: 'zhangsan',
37.   password: '123456'
38. };
39.  
40. // 将数据转为字符串格式，并进行公钥加密后打印
41. console.log(publicKeyEncrypt(JSON.stringify(entry), publicKey));

输出内容为如下格式：(数据已做删改)

1. Ri0p8QFmnYe8Xo36DextK242o9pcdL0QFDo6gUxhzjwQD30UFlqJL57na445BebSp1VT1z94emJgrME7xTDzV1tshtmVNtarqCUCzZMF4uYAtZCQLJhCX3708g7lOFksiUvi6MlXCVVOIu2VyFsIS/6DeEWYNirPK6zEBw1e2V2jWoL+63+iGNyhtKFJI1ECGyMmXUWCMicUmgE/JiHJD7YXPKB9+WaB7Wglj5udBdd4fALUp7qIo8TWJZJkLUg5yMbe7kemNWk050Xi1KiEt3s8IAqoRB1qGghTmE/TW+M/jIblSSy3Urle1AYsOFUzh9wV/H+uD+UNdaCvlvfmdV8hTIjjLNy9r/GbuaI5N0TkaX/dk47iUuorZabPoINEnM8lYxcKPvgVJufMfSX5wLxgx60nt4cpz3T2IutO97sdocVbhsiSlpFLpIk88xd4=

3、私钥解密

有了公钥加密后的密文，再用私钥进行解密，代码如下：

1. const crypto = require('crypto');
2.  
3. /**
4.  * 生成公私钥对
5.  * @return {*} publicKey: 公钥;privateKey: 私钥
6.  */
7. function genRSAKeyPaire() {
8.   const { publicKey, privateKey } = crypto.generateKeyPairSync('rsa', {
9.     modulusLength: 4096,
10.     publicKeyEncoding: {
11.       type: 'pkcs1',
12.       format: 'pem',
13.     },
14.     privateKeyEncoding: {
15.       type: 'pkcs1',
16.       format: 'pem',
17.     },
18.   });
19.  
20.   return { publicKey, privateKey };
21. }
22.  
23. const { publicKey, privateKey } = genRSAKeyPaire();
24.  
25. /**
26.    * 使用公钥进行加密
27.    * @param {String} data 
28.    * @param {String} publicKey 
29.    * @return {String} 加密后的密文
30.    */
31. function publicKeyEncrypt(data, publicKey) {
32.   return crypto.publicEncrypt(publicKey, Buffer.from(data)).toString('base64')
33. }
34.  
35. const entry = {
36.   name: 'zhangsan',
37.   password: '123456'
38. };
39.  
40. const encryptedData = publicKeyEncrypt(JSON.stringify(entry), publicKey);
41.  
42. /**
43.  * 使用私钥进行解密
44.  * @param {String} encryptedData 
45.  * @param {String} privateKey 
46.  * @return {String} 解密后的明文
47.  */
48. function privateKeyDecrypt(encryptedData, privateKey) {
49.   return crypto.privateDecrypt(privateKey, Buffer.from(encryptedData, 'base64')).toString();
50. }
51.  
52. const originData = privateKeyDecrypt(encryptedData, privateKey);
53.  
54. // 打印用私钥解密后的数据
55. console.log(originData);

输出结果：

1. {"name":"zhangsan","password":"123456"}

和我们上面定义的entry数据内容一致，说明解密成功，但是解密后是一个字符串，如果原始数据是一个对象的话，别忘记了将其反序列化为对象。